An experiment to show Essay Example for Free

An examination to show Essay To see whether there is a connection between the surface zone and the dispersion rate Hypothesis I anticipate that the littler squares of agar will turn clear, or diffuse first, as it has a littler surface territory. This is on the grounds that there is less surface region and volume for the sulphuric corrosive to diffuse into. Mechanical assembly  Three sizes of agar, 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm 40ml of sulphuric corrosive [80ml per beaker] 3 100ml recepticles  Tile utilized for putting the agar  Tissue to clear off the sulphuric corrosive off the agar  3 surgical blades  Ruler, quantifiable in mm. Stop clock Method 1. To begin with, cut three bits of sulphuric corrosive in the accompanying sizes 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm, as precisely as conceivable 2. Next, fill the three measuring glasses with 80ml of sulphuric corrosive every 3. At that point, set up the stop clock, and ensure it is has been reset 4. After, place the three squares of agar into the sulphuric all simultaneously, just as beginning the stop clock once the agar is in the sulphuric corrosive. 5. Cautiously mix the three recepticles utilizing the surgical tools. 6. Watch until one of the squares have gone totally clear. 7. When one of the squares have gone totally clear, stop the stop check and take out the three squares of agar and spot on the tissue, and wipe off the overabundance sulphuric corrosive from the squares of agar to forestall further dispersion with the two different squares which have not been completely diffused to completely diffuse 8. Cut the squares in corner to corner, through the center and utilizing a ruler, measure its amount has turned clear on each side. 9. Record the information for time taken, and the profundity of the reasonable part on the table. Results Block number 1 2. 3 Block measurements/mm 20x20x20 20x20x10 20x20x5 Predicted request of clearing 3 2 1 Actual request of clearing 3 2 1 Time taken for clearing 8mn56. 29s Depth of clear part on square/mm 3 4 5 Surface zone/mmi 2400 1600 1200 Volume/mmi 8000 4000 2000 Surface are to volume proportion O:O. 3 O:O. 4 O:O. 6 Conclusion My forecast with respect to which square will go clear initially was right, being the littler square, as its surface region to volume proportion was the best out of each of the three, despite the fact that there was very little distinction between the three qualities. This is on the grounds that the third square has a more prominent surface zone for the sulphuric corrosive to diffuse into the agar, causing the dispersion rate to be more noteworthy. The squares have gotten clear through dissemination brought about by balance between the sulphuric corrosive and the agar, which is a basic. Assessment Quite a couple of things didn't go as arranged in this assessment, yet I have thought of thoughts on the most proficient method to improve them on the off chance that we do an investigation like this once more. Initially, the jam size may not be exact from cutting it, and when it has been mixed, bits of it might have chipped off causing an adjustment in its surface territory. Next time, to evade this, we could quantify the square of agar all the more precisely when cutting it, and furthermore be progressively cautious when mixing the agar and mix milder so no bits may get chipped off. That, yet the time we place the three squares of agar into the sulphuric corrosive might be unique, just as the time we began the stop clock. Next time, we may potentially locate an alternate technique for placing in and taking out the agar with the goal that it stays a reasonable test, thus that there are less missteps in the test, which might be decreased by having one individual for each square of agar and measuring utencil, just as someone else for the stop check and setting it in and taking it out all simultaneously just as beginning and halting the stop clock. Another inconvenience may have originated from the measure of sulphuric corrosive in every recepticle, which might not have been equivalent. This issue might be decreased by estimating the sulphuric all the more cautiously, perhaps with an estimating chamber before then putting it into the recepticle, rather than estimating it into the measuring glass straight away. Our estimations of the profundity of the away from of the squares of agar jam may have been wrong also, and to forestall this, we might utilize a magnifying lens next time and utilize a graticule to gauge the profundity that the jam has diffused to acquire an increasingly precise outcome. The last issue I saw while doing the analysis was the point at which we were smudging the sulphuric corrosive off the agar. I found that there may have been some sulphuric corrosive left on the agar after we have blotched it, which may have brought on additional dispersion and altering our outcome. This is caused from not smearing off enough sulphuric corrosive off the agar. Next time, we could cautiously smudge all the sulphuric corrosive, and utilize one bit of tissue for each square of agar so that there is no sulphuric corrosive on the tissue before smearing each square of agar.

Can we critically analyse Ian McEwans Atonement using psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example

Can we fundamentally break down Ian McEwans Atonement utilizing psychoanalytic analysis Paper Reparation is a post-present day novel, that revolves around the hero, Briony and her quest for pardoning from her sister Cecelia and a family companion Robbie, the word expiation, which means the activity of offering some kind of reparation for a wrong or injury1. Briony is a multi year old, working class young lady whom is a yearning essayist, and toward the beginning of the novel is directing a play known as The Trials of Arabella. We see all through the novel Briony is no normal multi year old young lady as her creative mind is brimming with stories that can contort her picture of the real world; this is the reason the strategy for therapy might be applied. Analysis is a type of treatment which expects to fix mental disarranges by researching the connection between the cognizant and the oblivious components of the mind2. The epic investigates the connection between the cognizant occasions that occur, and the distinctive inner mind sees the characters have on these occasions all however the inventive demonstration of narrating. The epic starts with the attention on Briony and her energy to get her play, The Trials of Arabella, completed for when her sibling, Leon, gets back. This play shows Brionys adolescence even through her clever wording, it despite everything epitomizes a courageous woman being safeguarded by a sovereign, and in this manner we can see her comprehension of affection and connections has not yet evolved. The crowd, at that point through the omniscient storyteller review on an occasion that occurs between Brionys sister Cecelia and the cleaning ladys child Robbie, from the start from Cecelias perspective and afterward Brionys. From Cecelias perspective we are told how Cecelia doesn't respect Robbie as it pestered her that they were ungainly when they talked3. We will compose a custom exposition test on Can we fundamentally dissect Ian McEwans Atonement utilizing psychoanalytic analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Can we basically break down Ian McEwans Atonement utilizing psychoanalytic analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Can we basically break down Ian McEwans Atonement utilizing psychoanalytic analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We at that point experience how Cecelia ponders outside to fill a container of blossoms with water from the wellspring, where she discovers Robbie doing the cultivating, the pair of them passes cumbersome discussion then Robbie starts to help Cecelia fill her jar, to which she opposes and this outcomes in her dropping the jar into the wellspring. The two of them gaze for a second then Cecelia begins to strip to her clothing and jumps into the wellspring to recover the jar, once recovered she storms again into the house. The second perspective on this scene is from Brionys perspective in which she keeps an eye out of the window Robbie and Cecelia talking, she envisions that he is proposing to her, anyway she is alarmed when Cecelia starts to rapidly strip and bounces into the wellspring and afterward surges off back in tot he house. She reflects considering what kind of hold Robbie has over Cecelia and how Robbie ought to have safeguarded her from suffocating before he proposes to her. Here is were Brionys subliminal comes into see, this is as Freud clarifies some portion of the brain past cognizance which by the by has a solid impact upon our activities or thoughts4 , here Briony thinks about the scene as a fantasy in which the courageous woman is to be saved, this depends on her own childhood as her folks never truly discussed their relationship as her dad worked away a great deal, thusly her solitary comprehension of connections were the ones she read of in books. This might be additionally comprehended in Freuds suppression, overlooking or disregarding of uncertain clashes, unadmitted wants or awful past occasions with the goal that they are constrained out of the cognizant mindfulness and into the domain of the unconscious5 again because of her own folks relationship emergency Brionys subliminal perhaps raising minds of what establishes a decent marriage. Besides this scene she witnesses is by all accounts a turn in her life as she presently acknowledges what power one could have over the other, and that it was so natural to misunderstand everything, totally wrong6, as Hidalgo recommends a little youngster who can't comprehend the universe of adults7, this at that point brings about her ending her play of the Trials of Arabella, rather she chooses to chip away at a novel of what she had quite recently seen. This wellspring scene can likewise been viewed as a key second for the connection among Robbie and Cecelia. At no other time had Cecelia peeled off in front Robbie and he takes note of this and recalls all aspects of her body, a drop of water on her upper arm an embroided blossom, a straightforward daisy, sewn between the cups of her bra. Her bosoms wide separated and little.. 8 he begins to acknowledge he has affections for Cecelia in spite of the fact that he knows this possibly outlandish as she is from a working class and he a lower class, he despite everything accepts they could be together Freuds hypothesis of dislodging could be applied here. Dislodging is one individual or occasion is supplant by another which is here and there connected or connected with it, maybe on account of a comparative sounding word or by some type of representative substitution9. We are informed that in his room Robbie has different photos ; the cast of Twelfth Night on the school yard, himself as Malvolio10 Malvolio is referred to in the play as bamboozled to might suspect he can get an opportunity with his boss Olivia, Robbie could have dislodged this play to his own circumstance. The utilization of the wellspring could be portray by Freud as far as relationship in which an item can be related with certain feelings11, so for this situation the wellspring representing the affection among Cecelia and Robbie. The utilization of an Italianate wellspring as the site for an evidently minor second in the darlings story may contain an implication to the Italian wellspring in Evelyn Waughs Brideshead Revisited. On the off chance that this is along these lines, it would be another unexpected inversion in light of the fact that the nation house that offers title to Waughs tale is the ideological, stylish, and passionate focal point of the novel12. Additionally 13He rushes to note What may Freud say? What about : she concealed the oblivious want to open herself to him behind a demonstration of temper14, this welcomes the peruser to begin top think about the novel in a Freudian manner, are the activities we found out about what they appear? Or on the other hand would they say they are for the most part making up some portion of the subliminal that is conveyed through inadvertent activities? The remainder of this part proceeds to give more proof to help these inquiries. We proceed to peruse how Robbie needs to send Cecelia a note where to apologize for breaking the container, he works this out in long hand yet in addition he winds up composing a note saying, In my fantasies I kiss your cunt, your sweet wet cunt. In my considerations I have intercourse to all of you day long15, he accidently gives the shameful note to Briony to provide for Cecelia. The composition of the corrupt note can be first observed by Freud as a Freudian slip16 this is the place quelled material in the oblivious finds an outlet through such regular marvels as errors, mistakes of the pen, or unintended activities, hence his wants for Celia subliminally caused him to compose the note without pondering what he was composing and besides he had subliminally given the ignoble note as his inner mind was till concentrating on the items he was seeing in his room chiefly the Grays Anatomy, Splanchnology segment, page 1546, the vagina17. herefore causing his psyche again to assume control over his activities. The substance of the shameful note can likewise evoke analysis advancement as the language utilized. Lancan looks to language to break down the subliminal in which he states, how could a psychoanalyst of today not understand that his domain of truth is in reality the word18 and that language involves differentiate among words and different words there is a bou ndary between signifier (the word) and the meant (the referent)19. When taking a gander at the word cunt which Robbie utilizes in his letter to Cecelia, the connoted that Robbie expects it to be is the vagina of a lady, anyway when Cecelia peruses the word, she trusts it implies the unnoticed love among her and Robbie a basic expression pursued around in Cecelias contemplations, obviously how has she not seen it? 20. Briony peruses this word to imply that Robbie is a crazy person, A lunatic. The word had refinement and the heaviness of clinical judgments. This indicating how every one of the characters subliminal has affected the significance of the term cunt, through Robbies want of Cecelia, and Celias acknowledgment of adoration, to Brionys investigation that he is intellectually sick for utilizing the word. It is then this word unavoidably changes for their entire lives always, as now Briony feels that Robbie is a lunatic and danger to the ladies in her family she at that point erroneously blame Robbie for assaulting her cousin Lola when the twins disappear, she accepts she is shielding Cecelia from him along these lines her falsehood is covered in her inner mind. Freud sees this silly choice because of the Oedipus complex eproducing the opposition between siblings21 The purpose behind her contorted view over the figure she however was Robbie who assaulted Loa may have been bcause she has feeling herself for Robbie and accordingly doesn't need Ceceila to be with him. This can additionally be upheld by the scene where she tests if Robbie adores her by sparing her from suffocating, Do you know why I needed you to spare me? Since I love you22. Brionys dream in which she is flying could carry with it sexual implications of want as Freud keeps up in his dreamwork hypothesis that longing for flying speaks to sexual discharge, or extension of your awareness23. Towards the finish of the novel we understand how it is Briony who has worked this entire story out of blame and apology. Rather than her driving a real existence at Cambridge, in which

Using Introductions Examples To Create An Effective First Impression

Using Introductions Examples To Create An Effective First ImpressionIntroductions are a very important part of the hiring process for many employees. In fact, it is the first impression that most people get about your company, and you need to make sure that you use the right introduction examples to ensure that the employee that will be your first impression stays with you. So what can you use?Companies use several methods to do this. Sometimes it is difficult to know where to start, but by using introductions examples, you can get some ideas of how you want to present yourself. The introduction examples can help you establish some basic things about your company such as where you are located, what services you provide, what types of people are you looking for, and the overall purpose of your company. Once you have all this information ready, you will have a better idea of how to frame your message.Using good introductions examples can help you write the best introductory letter. It is always easier to write something on paper before you even begin thinking about what you want to say. Using examples will help you when you get stuck on writing a good introduction.Another benefit to using good introductions examples is that they can help you decide what words to use to begin your introduction. For example, you might have noticed that most letters you receive will not include the name of the person you are introducing. If you use the word 'Mr.' or 'Ms.' in the introduction, it can help the reader understand who the person is.Good introductions examples can also be used to help prepare your writing. For example, you can find examples on your own website and ask a co-worker if they have any information about the person you are introducing. A personal introduction can help the reader more quickly understand who you are speaking to and what your business is about.Making a great first impression is something that everyone will remember, but making a great first impress ion through an introductory letter is something that is very important. After a long day, it is hard to remember the person's name, so using an example can help you create a more meaningful introduction. Using examples helps you make the connection between the information you are giving and the information the reader needs to know.When you are sending an introduction letter, it is important to make sure that you do not get too personal or allow it to be too formal. Making an introduction personnel can help the reader feel at ease, but you want to be careful not to overwhelm them with information that does not relate to the person that you are introducing. Remember that you want to create a good first impression. Using examples is the best way to create this impression.If you make use of introductions examples, you will be able to make the first impression that you want to make. Using examples can help you create a great first impression, but the main thing is making sure that the im pression you want to make is one that your visitor will remember. These tips will help you make the most out of your introduction letter.

The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration During The Age Of...

Abstract The history of Jim Crow is a story of white power, but it is also a story of black survival and resilience. The Jim Crow era lasted nearly a century because of the federal government and there is still work to be done today. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander, is a book about the discrimination of African Americans in today s society. One of Alexander s main points is the War on Drugs and how young African American males are targeted and arrested due to racial profiling. Racial profiling, discrimination, and segregation is not as popular as it used to be during the Civil War, however, Michelle Alexander digs deeper, revealing the truth about our government and the racial scandal in the prison systems. The term mass incarceration refers to not only to the criminal justice system but also to the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control the labeled criminals both in and out of prison today. The future of the black community itself may depend on the willingness of those who care about racial justice to re-examine their basic assumptions about the role of the criminal justice system in our society. Theoretical Approach The criminal justice system enforcing the racial caste system creates several distinct social problems which impact several areas of a person’s life; from the family structure, a person’s income and wealth, participation in the legal system, to the attitude placedShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration During The Age Of Colorblindness By Michelle Alexander1665 Words   |  7 PagesIn the new proactive book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander dives into the not so complicated racial issues that plague this country that we tend to ignore. In all of history, African Americans have had to constantly fight for their freedoms and the right to be considered a human being in this society. It’s very troubling looking back and seeing where we have failed people in this country. At the turn of the century, when people began to thinkRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration During The Age Of Colorblindnes s By Michelle Alexander1854 Words   |  8 PagesI read The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander published in 2012. The non-fiction book is 331 pages and features a forward by esteemed civil rights activist Dr. Cornel West. Alexander is civil rights lawyer who decided to write this book after dealing with young black felons restricted by the prison system. The book was a fascinating glimpse into the biases of the criminal justice system. The book is split into six riveting chapters. The initial chapterRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power and how the Supreme CourtRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Review600 Words   |  3 Pages The New Jim Crow Review I agree with Michelle Alexander on her view of mass incarceration, as well as the new racial caste system that has evolved in the United States. She states that, â€Å"we have not ended racial caste in America, we have merely redesigned it†. After reading her book The New Jim Crow, her point of view on the age of colorblindness is extremely bold. Over time, it has developed into many forms. The racial systems have evolved from exploitation, to subordination, to marginalizationRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-prof it prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]e have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it† using the criminal justice system and colorblind rhetoric. (Alexander 2). TheRead MoreSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth century The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration During The Age Of... I read The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander published in 2012. The non-fiction book is 331 pages and features a forward by esteemed civil rights activist Dr. Cornel West. Alexander is civil rights lawyer who decided to write this book after dealing with young black felons restricted by the prison system. The book was a fascinating glimpse into the biases of the criminal justice system. The book is split into six riveting chapters. The initial chapter is titled â€Å"The Rebirth of Caste†. The thesis of this book is basically Alexander argues that a caste structure is alive in America. Black kids churn from rundown schools into high tech prisons. In her view, black Americans are treated as second class citizens. Alexander states that a power elite has ensured that they claim social regulation over minorities even as slavery and Jim Crow laws have disappeared. The author calls the current discriminatory system as a racial caste one. A key to sustaining this system according to Alexander is enticing to the anxieties and biases of lower-class whites. The writer then details the reasoning for selecting Africans to work as slaves back in the 1600s. Colonists were afraid of violent retribution from Native Americans and wanted to select a group of people who were unlikely to partner up with the poor whites. Alexander detailed the various newspaper campaigns that manipulated public opinion on Native Americans and compared it to modernShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration During The Age Of Colorblindness By Michelle Alexander3956 Words   |  16 PagesAbstract The history of Jim Crow is a story of white power, but it is also a story of black survival and resilience. The Jim Crow era lasted nearly a century because of the federal government and there is still work to be done today. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander, is a book about the discrimination of African Americans in today s society. One of Alexander s main points is the War on Drugs and how young African American males are targetedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration During The Age Of Colorblindness By Michelle Alexander1665 Words   |  7 PagesIn the new proactive book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander dives into the not so complicated racial issues that plague this country that we tend to ignore. In all of history, African Americans have had to constantly fight for their freedoms and the right to be considered a human being in this society. It’s very tro ubling looking back and seeing where we have failed people in this country. At the turn of the century, when people began to thinkRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power and how the Supreme CourtRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Review600 Words   |  3 Pages The New Jim Crow Review I agree with Michelle Alexander on her view of mass incarceration, as well as the new racial caste system that has evolved in the United States. She states that, â€Å"we have not ended racial caste in America, we have merely redesigned it†. After reading her book The New Jim Crow, her point of view on the age of colorblindness is extremely bold. Over time, it has developed into many forms. The racial systems have evolved from exploitation, to subordination, to marginalizationRead MoreMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-prof it prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]e have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it† using the criminal justice system and colorblind rhetoric. (Alexander 2). TheRead MoreSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth century

Effective Communication As An Effective Leader - 818 Words

Communication is critical to the success of any business especially in the field of law enforcement. As a leader, it is essential to convey operational objectives with clarity and purpose. The challenge is to communicate in a manner that is effective in meaning and direct in intentions. Time must be invested along with understanding, communication and the essential element of listening to work towards progression, (Smith, 2011). Through effective communication, a leader can influence subordinates to follow the vision, therefore leading the organization to future aspirations of success and longevity. In order to be an effective leader you must be able to relate to others through open communication, (Bennis, 2009). Effective communication is critical in establishing effective relationships within an organization, (Kouzes and Posner, 2012). In order to add clarity and acceptance of our vision a leader needs to communicate the steps in getting there. These steps can be in the form of s hort term and long term goals. Goals provide direction in obtaining our vision, they are also instrumental in the success of an organization, (Lawler, 2003). The vision must incorporate values that are ethical and for the good of the organization driving towards commitment and dedication to achieve. Without vision we have no direction, we are limiting our abilities to grasp the future, (Kouzes and Posner, 2012). Discipline and direction are very important in creating a vision with clarity.Show MoreRelatedEducational Leader: Effective Communication1157 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Communication Scenario: Addressing Parent Concerns Standard 2 An educational leader promotes the success of every student by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conductive to student learning and staff professional growth. Standard 4 An educational leader promotes the success of every student by collaborating with faculty and community member, responding to diverse community interest and needs, and mobilizing community resources. Ms. Smith wasRead MoreLeadership And Communication : An Effective Leader1305 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Communication For decade’s individuals, companies, and organizations have spent an unprecedented amount of money on researching, molding, modeling and working to define what a leader is and what characteristics make successful leaders. With all the research, there is not a quick answer or even full agreement as to what makes an individual an effective leader. Although, in a majority of the research a common theme is occurring: communication. COMMUNICATION Communication. Easy, rightRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Communication Skills For Leaders1574 Words   |  7 PagesOption 1: Personal Communication Development Plan Tanya Schankel ORG423 - Communication Strategies for Leaders Colorado State University - Global Campus Dr. Barbara Moyer October 2, 2016 Executive Summary Importance of Effective Communication Skills: In today s competitive marketplace, it is important for company success for leaders to have the proper communication skills that will help the organization reach its goals. Effective communication is practice and honed through day-to-day activitiesRead MoreLeadership And Communication : What Makes An Effective Leader?858 Words   |  4 Pagesand Communication There is leadership in all of us, although some of us may not realize that we are capable to lead others in some degree. The world has seen its fair share of leaders, both effective and ineffective ones; some had used his leadership in negative lights such as Manuel Noriega, former Panamanian Dictator or positive ones such as that of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Despite their differences, both leaders were very effective in their crafts. One may ask â€Å"What make an effective leader?† InRead MoreThe Qualities Of Effective Leaders Are Good Communication Skills1528 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION â€Å"Leaders are people who do the right things; managers are people who do things right†. – Professor Warren. Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. – Dwight D. Eisenhower. Leaders help others and themselves to do right things. They make an inspiring vision, set way, and create something new. 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Good communication will also help to prevent errorsRead MoreMilitary Leadership And Communication During The Middle East1277 Words   |  6 PagesMilitary Leadership and Communication From the Hot Gates at Thermopylae to the beaches of Normandy, the walls of Troy to the sand boxes in the Middle East, as far back as history goes men and countries have assembled groups of their elite to fight for the ideals of nations and their people. But like all cadres they require leaders. They are leaders not only of vision to see the big picture in battle, but also possess the skill and aptitude to communicate clearly to their troops. It is this abilityRead MoreDiscrimination And Tension, Stereotyping, And Communication Problems Within The Workplace Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages #1 How can we overcome obstacles to diversity such as mistrust and tension, stereotyping, and communication problems in the workplace? Mistrust and tension usually result from lack of contact and lack of familiarity. 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The Union And The European Union - 952 Words

The European Union is an entity that is seen nowhere else in the world. It is not a government, it is not an international organization, and it is not just an association of states. The European Union members, instead, have decided to turnover part of their sovereignty to the Union so that many decisions can be made at the institutions leadership level. This partnership includes 28 diverse democracies built together on the basis of complex treaties. Although the goals of this organization were to assist with expanding economic prosperity, peace and stability throughout its member states, the European Union has been faced with ever-pressing concerns in the recent past that are very serious and may in fact become fatal to the continued coalescing between members. These problems can be categorized into three categories; economic, social, and political. Economically, the last 6 or so years have been nothing short of dismal for the European Union and its members. Due to the diversity among its members own national economic policies, the European Union’s economic configuration and its single currency were shown to be somewhat incoherent. The European Union’s gross domestic product only grew a measly one percent in 2013, compared to the United States’ 2.2 percent growth. In December 2014, unemployment among member nations of the European Union hovered around 11.4 percent, while the United States unemployment rate held at around 5.6 percent. Even though in the U.S. we are everShow MoreRelatedEuropean Unions And The European Union1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union was developed in order to end the frequent and horrific wars between neighboring countries in Europe which peaked in the second World War. After long years of negotiations and meetings between member states of European countries, the European Uni on was formed because of common interests and goals on economic, social, and foreign policies. 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Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis

Question: Discuss about the Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: The present case study analysis is on a patient named Sue who is a 15-year-old indigenous girl living in a remote town in Australia. The patient had been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis in her infancy and had been prescribed a regimen of exercises, antibiotics, inhalers and pancreatic enzymes. She had presented to the local hospital due to complaints of shortness of breath and informed the triage nurse that she has cystic fibrosis. A healthy history assessment undertaken by the nurse revealed that the patient had a two-year history of smoking. In addition, the patient did not adhere to medication regimen for cystic fibrosis and other management strategies outlined. The patient had been living with her mother and six younger brothers and sisters. The present essay would describe the pathophysiology of the presenting complaint. The next section would be an evaluation of the nurses role in delivering developmentally suitable nursing care. Growth and developmental theories, family centred care and impact of hospitalisation of the patient on the family as well as the child would be discussed in here. The essay would end with a logical conclusion to the whole discussion. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease causing sticky, thick mucus for building up in the digestive tract, lungs and other parts of the body, as a result of which there is serious damage to the digestive and respiratory systems. The disease is a condition of the exocrine gland function involving multiple organs. It is a common form of chronic lung disease in young adults and children whereby the patients have a threat to their lives. Cystic fibrosis is a result of a defect formed in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene or CFTR gene. The gene is responsible for controlling the movement of salt and water in and out of the cells of the body. Any mutation or any form of change occurring in the CFTR gene leads the mucus to become stickier and thicker, causing complications to the body. The mucus gets build up in the pancreas, liver, intestines and lungs. Different forms of defects might take place in the CFTR gene, and the damaged gene is inherited in a newborn from the parents (Haack et al., 2013). Normally, patients with cystic fibrosis have acute respiratory complications. As the mucus gets thicker, it obstructs the airways in an undesirable manner, and it becomes difficult for the air to adequately pass at the time of exhalation. This leads to shortness of breath in the patient (Grossman Grossman, 2005). According to Cantin et al., (2015) breathing discomfort is an integral element of cystic fibrosis. For a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis the disease is related to increased morbidity and poor prognosis, breathing problems are often a result of poor quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. In the present case, the patient has been found to be a regular smoker. In addition, she does not adhere to the medication regimen prescribed to her on a regular basis. Nursing care for patients with cystic fibrosis is an integral element for the person-centred care of patients with the disease. Improved survival for the disease is achieved for the patients if the nurse acknowledges their role in the care delivery process. It is important for a nurse to adhere to the guidelines set for cystic fibrosis management and to ensure that all spheres of care are given adequate attention in due course. It is the role of the nurse to educate the patient about the importance of the care plan and management regimen laid out and coordinate all the provisions of care services in support of the patient and the family members (Tointon Hunt, 2016). Application of growth and developmental theories in nursing have been long considered for practice against the context of rising demand for adequate care plan for achieving better outcomes. One of the key theories of human development that can be suitably applied for nursing care of patients is the theory of human development proposed by Jean Piaget (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). Application of this theory for the present case scenario would be appreciable. As per Piaget, the interaction of the patient with surrounding environment plays a key role in the development. In the context of healthcare, children who are critically ill are to be given care by the nurses to the degree that facilitates and promotes better patient outcomes. The nurse must have a knowledge of the psychology of Sue and must develop an adequate understanding of the development phase that the child is in for delivering the required care services. This would be beneficial for the nurse to assess the stage of developme nt in which the patient is in for planning the correct level of stimulation, that would at the end facilitate progress to a large extent instead of the deterioration in fulfilment of developmental tasks (Hockenberry et al., 2016). According to developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, in the case of children suffering from chronic diseases, the impact of the social, emotional and cognitive development occurs in a certain way on the prognosis of the disease. Future developments in the nursing care process are guided by the way the developmental stage of the patient is addressed. The developmental of a child can be divided into different stages, namely, infant, toddler, preschooler, school-age and adolescent, based on the theories put forward by these scientists. The adolescent phase encompasses of age 12 to 18 years. In the present context, Sue is an adolescent girl, 15 years of age, and her care process given by the nurse must be provided in a specific manner considering her age and developmental stage. The nurse must ensure that the environment in which she is admitted to the healthcare setting for breathing troubles is safe and secured for her. Privacy is to be maintained at the time of nursing care. A separate room might be considered for her during her stay at the hospital. The patient needs to be given adequate information about her presenting conditions and must be educated about the treatment regime laid out. Both verbal, as well as written instructions, are to be provided are to be provided to the patient regarding her care plan. Continuation of education regarding her symptoms and the risk factors is pivotal since at the adolescent stage one usually is able to understand the underlying principles of care (Butcher et al., 2013). In the adolescent stage of development, one develops the new sense of self or identity. It is a common tendency for an adolescent patient to try out different new strategies for maintaining a good health condition. It is a quest to understand what fits best for the patient in the context of family expectations. The family context for the patient is to be clearly identified if adequate care is to be provided. In the present case, the influence of her family on Sue might be deep impacting. The relationship that Sue shares with her family is to be considered in order to achieve better patient outcomes. The challenge of being admitted to a health care setting adds to the crisis to the developmental crisis of a patient in the adolescent stage. The nurse is to aid in resolving this crisis and making the patient feel secured and safe in the new environment (Saewyc, 2000). As opined by Potter et al., (2016) nursing care must meet the needs of the patient and provide opportunities to involve the patient as well as the family members in the process of care planning. A family centred care approach is pivotal for enabling the patient to adhere to the medication regimen and other management strategies. The nurse is able to meet most of the needs of a patient; however, it is the continual involvement of the parents and family members that enable a patient to achieve best outcomes. Parental involvement is crucial at the time of hospitalisation as well as after discharge. In the present context, the nurse must educate Sues mother about her involvement in the care process in order to reduce the risks of further health complications pertaining to cystic fibrosis. She must be made aware of the drastic health impacts of not adhering to the medication regimen as Sue is found not to adhere to her care regimen. Further, her mother must be educated on the harmful impa ct of smoking on cystic fibrosis and must be supported to help Sue quit smoking. It is seen that Sue has six siblings and therefore it is common for her mother to give less attention to Sues management plan for cystic fibrosis. Her mother must therefore be educated on social management practices so that Sue gets adequate care and support (Mattila et al., 2014). Impact of hospitaliation on patients as well as family members is a singifican area of nursing care. It has been indicated through research the perceptions of patients regarding admission to health care settings as well as knowledge and attitude of the patient and family members regarding the care setting plays a role in the way patient goals are achieved and the recovery process of the care. It is the responsibility of the nurse to provide emotional support to the patient for reducing any chances of trauma and anxiety. A rich pool of nursing literature has thrown light upon the fact that care process is facilitated if the patient facing trauma, fear and anxiety is reduced to a considerable extent. The nurse must, therefore, consider effective strategies for reducing any form of anxiety or fear that Sue has been facing after being admitted to the setting. This process must be culturally sensitive and ethnically safe (Barling et al., 2014). The patient in the present case is an indige nous patient staying at a remote location in Australia. The nurse must, therefore, be aware of the cultural practices of the indigenous population that are considered for providing emotional support and care. The traditional ways of providing comfort and affection that are usually considered by indigenous population are to be considered in the present context so that the patient can receive ethnically suitable care approach (Giger, 2016). From the above case study analysis, it can be concluded that nursing practice for an adolescent patient needs to encompass the integral care components that are safe and sound on a person-centred basis. Cystic fibrosis is a severe disease that requires regular monitoring and adherence to management regimen. For the present case, Sue is suffering from health complications arising due to mismanagement of her care plan that aggravates the underlying pathophysiological conditions of cystic fibrosis. It is the duty of the nurse to provide an integrated and comprehensive care to the patient that involves the patient as well as her family in the major decisions of care delivery. References Barling, J. A., Stevens, J. A., Davies, K. M. (2014). The reality of hospitalisation: stories from family members of their hospital experience for adolescents and young adults living with and dying from cancer.Contemporary nurse,46(2), 150-160. Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Cantin, A. M., Hartl, D., Konstan, M. W., Chmiel, J. F. (2015). Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathogenesis and therapy.Journal of Cystic Fibrosis,14(4), 419-430. Giger, J. N. (2016).Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Grossman, S., Grossman, L. C. (2005). Pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis implications for critical care nurses.Critical care nurse,25(4), 46-51. Haack, A., Arago, G. G., Novaes, M. R. C. G. (2013). Pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis and drugs used in associated digestive tract diseases.World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG,19(46), 8552. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014).Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., Rodgers, C. C. (2016).Wong's essentials of pediatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mattila, E., Kaunonen, M., Aalto, P., stedt?Kurki, P. (2014). The method of nursing support in hospital and patients' and family members' experiences of the effectiveness of the support.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,28(2), 305-314. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016).Fundamentals of nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Saewyc, E. M. (2000). Nursing theories of caring: A paradigm for adolescent nursing practice.Journal of Holistic Nursing,18(2), 114-128. Tointon, K., Hunt, J. (2016). How holistic nursing can enhance the quality of life of children with cystic fibrosis.Nursing Children and Young People,28(8), 22-25

Global Environmental Issues. Essay Example

Global Environmental Issues. Paper Global environmental issues. Im going to speak about the problems of the environment which the world is facing at the moment and what we should do to protect our Earth. Nowadays, environmental problems are the most burning for the society. Air, water, land and nuclear pollution badly damage the nature. People cut down trees and destroy the habitat of thousands of animals. As a result, many species are in danger of extinction. Factories pollute our rivers and lakes with dangerous chemicals. The increasing number of cars in towns and cities has led to the growth of harmful gases in the atmosphere. There is much litter everywhere, our parks and forests are full of rubbish. Scientists believe that the problem of global warming is becoming more and more serious. The results of human activity such as acid rains, greenhouse effect and ozone layer destruction cause the changes Of the climate on our planet and destroy it. All these facts have a bad influence on our health. More and more people suffer from allergies and breathing problems. Its almost impossible to find a healthy person nowadays. People are becoming more and more aware that our planet is under threat and its all our fault. Fortunately, its not too late to love these problems. We have the time, the money and the technologies to take care of our planet. There are a number of simple things we can do if we want to help our planet. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Environmental Issues. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Environmental Issues. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Environmental Issues. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, if we stop wasting paper and start recycling it, well save some of the millions of trees which are cut down every year. We should also stop making unnecessary car journeys to cut down air pollution. We can create parks for endangered species of animals. But the most important thing we must do is to open our eyes and act immediately. The Earth is our home and we should protect and save it for ourselves and for the future generations.

Measurement essays

Measurement essays Reliability can be established empirically by means of repeated trials. In other words, the selected measuring procedure is subjected to a number of trials, and if the results are the same for each trial, reliability is established (Kiefer, 1997). This also means that persons other than the initial researcher can replicate the measuring procedure and still produce the same results. There is therefore no doubt that any conclusions, theories or claims emanating from the research are based upon Although reliability can be established in empirical terms, Kiefer (1997) warns that inherent difficulties may still arise with this aspect of measurement. The ideal is to measure exactly the issue at the heart of the experiment. The difficulty arises when such focus becomes challenging with the introduction of elements other than those being measured. This frequently occurs when the study area is situated in a natural or social setting. When the focus of study and measurement is for example something as complex as human behavior, it is unlikely that exactly the same result will be obtained each time. In this case the measuring device is the researcher's observations. Because the researcher is human, such observations are subject not only to flaw, but to multiple interpretations. Thus, although more consistent and more empirical than validity, reliability still offers its own set of challenges to the measuring Validity is a still more difficult concept to pin down. Whereas reliability is concerned with the processes and instruments by which research is conducted, validity is concerned with the finished research. The question here is therefore focused more broadly, and concerns the accuracy with which a study reflects the concept being studied. Validity therefore aims to establish the success of measurement, while reliabili ...

Contemporary corporate governance issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Contemporary corporate governance issues - Essay Example The emergence of the concept shareholders value arose from the concept of separation of ownership and control which is also known as fragmentation of ownership. The concept focussed on how the owners of the company usurp the company’s profits for personal interest. The concept of shareholders emerged to enhance the betterment of the company. The relationships between the banks and the companies in UK prevented concentrated share ownership of certain companies in UK. The prevalent laissez –faire policy in the UK focussed on the non economic interest of the company and wanted to underpin the emerging corporate economy. There were sudden changes in the policies of the company where there was minimum government intervention and the concept of shareholders value evolved. The concept revolved around the fact that individual private owners of the company are the shareholders of the company, and managers have to act in accordance with their decisions. Whenever shareholders were unavailable for decision making in a meeting, the managers of the company would make the decisions on the shareholders behalf (European Investment Bank, 2012c). This ensured that the divergence between the interests of shareholders and managers did not become too extreme. The modern day business practices regard shareholders as the owners of the company. They usually buy the shares of the company (European Investment Bank, 2012a). There is no specific amount of shares that need to be bought in order to become a shareholder of the company. Shareholders can exercise their voting rights in the company. There are some exceptions, like the Kuala Lampur Stock Exchange prohibits the shareholders from exercising their voting rights. Shareholders regard the annual meeting as a serious event as they can question the management regarding issues which are pertaining to the company and are included and excluded in the annual report.

The Universal Experience of Being Different Assignment

The Universal Experience of Being Different - Assignment Example In the whole world, there about 4000 cultures, meaning there are about 4000 groups of individuals that identify themselves with each culture. Each group is characterized by unique language, names, membership of the culture, as well as, an agreement on what should be carried on to the next generation and so forth. In addition, it is also important to note that even members of the same culture may be different and feel different in the company of each other. For example, a poor man in the company of a rich man may feel uncomfortable regardless of them coming from the same culture. In America, the obvious being expected to feel different is a member of an ethnic group in the company of white Americans. In addition to cultural differences and the skin colour, there are other aspects that further separate the ethnic communities living America from the white Americans. These include economic status, their history, as well as, their population compared to that of white Americans. For example, an attempt to evaluate the experience of black Americans in America revealed that it was both compromising and hopeful. In conclusion, it is clear from the article that there is more in feeling different than self-identity and individualism. People of the different culture, skin colour, ethnic group, and economic levels feel different in the company of each other. These are all separate factors that cannot be generalized as either self-identify or individualism. It is, therefore, true to say that universal experience of being different in the human being is real and indeed human beings are different.  Ã‚  

The Prevention Of Electrical Injuries Construction Essay

The Prevention Of Electrical Injuries Construction Essay Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Electrons flow away from an object through a conductor creates an electric current which is measured in ampheres. The electrical force that pushes the electrical current is the voltage and it is measured in volts. The opposition to the flow of current through a conductor creates a resistance which is measured in Ohm unit. Flows of electricity Some substances such as metals usually have low resistance to the flow of electric current and they are called Conductors. Glasses, plastics, rubber, dry wood are insulators. They slow or stop flow of electricity. Normally air is an insulator but can become a conductor during an arc or lighting stroke. Pure water is a poor conductor but small amount of impurities in water like salts, acids, solvents or other materials present in water can turn it to a good conductor of electricity. Electrical safety is the recognition of hazards associated with use of electricity and taking necessary precautions so that the hazards do not cause injuries or death. No one could overstate the importance of Electrical Safety knowledge. It is essential to know how to stay and work safely with or within the vicinity of electricity because electrical current at home or at workplace have enough power that can be fatal if one is exposed to. An electrical injury will occur when a person comes into contact with the current produced by a source. The source can be touch of any bare wire or electrical appliances with bare hands at home as well as it can be a natural source such as lighting. Hazards of Electricity When electrical systems breakdown, people are exposed to the following hazards: Electrocution Electric shock Electrical burns Falls 1. ELECTROCUTION To electrocute is to be killed by electricity. Electrocution is death by means of an electric current passing through the body. The current usually have the capacity to stop the heart and cause death through heating and destruction of the tissue. Effects of Electric Currents. Current is the killing factor when in contact with electricity. The table below shows the value for Human Resistance Types of Resistance Resistance value (Ohm) Dry skin 100 000 to 600 000 Wet skin 1000 Hand to foot 400 to 600 Ear to ear 100 Source: www.lanl.gov/safety/electricalsafety /docs.pdf 2. ELECTRIC SHOCK Electricity travels in closed circuits through a conductor. When human body (conducts electricity very well) accidentally becomes part of the electric circuit, this results in electric shocks, that is the electric current flow through the skin, muscles and vital organs. The Severity of Shocks depends on: Amount of current that flows into the body Type of current that flows into the body (Direct or Indirect) The currents path through the body The current intensity Duration of the contact Current frequency Voltage The amount of current depends on the potential difference and the resistance. The table below shows the effects current on the human body range from a tingling sensation to death. Amount of current (miliAmphere, mA) Effect on the human body Less than 1 mA Usually not perceptible to human body. Between 1-5 mA It can be anything between tingling or mildly painful sensation 5-9 mA Painful sensation 9-25 mA Muscular contraction 25-60 mA Respiratory paralysis 60 mA or more Ventricular contraction (affects different chambers of the heart, contraction relaxation of ventricles becomes eratic. If last long, it can be fatal) Nerve damage 4A(Amphere) Or more Heart paralysis ( muscles stop contracting relaxing, most probably lead to death) 5A or more Tissue burning ( if tissues are those of vital organ, lead to death.) Source: lecturers class notes 3.Burns Burns are the most common shocks related injury. Direct Contact Burn When somebody direct touch the flow of electrical current, burns occurs. Currents enter the body and exit where the individual is grounded. It somebody suffers from a direct contact with electricity, two skin burns will be noticed: at the site of entry where the electricity leaves the body Also, internal burn may occur where the power traced through the body. Electrical Arc Electric arcing occurs when the potential difference is high enough for current to flow in air. Electrical arcs reach very high temperature causing the individual to receive deep thermal burn where the arc hits the body, consequently causing Flash Blast Arcing. Along with burns, arcing causes electrical shock, explosion if the volume of air is large. It is therefore advised not to approach high voltage line. One of the most common examples of arcing is lighting (electricity travelling onto air). A root is created for the electricity to go earth. Thus, a metal rod is placed as a safe path for the electricity to travel to earth near tall buildings.. The metal rod is a conductor of electricity, it attracts electricity. Several more precautions are to be taken during lighting such as stay indoors, do not venture to the sea, stay away from metal materials and so on. Flash Arcing is a short circuit through air that flashes over from one exposed live conductor to another conductor or to the ground. The high heat energy at a point of the arc is called the arc flash. Arc flash is caused by uncontrolled conditions of electrical current from phase to ground and phase to neutral accompanied by ionization of the surrounding air. Arc flash burns the skin by direct heat exposure and causes ignition of clothing. High intensity flash also causes damage to the eyesight. Flash burns are very uncomfortable, most of those caused by shorter flashes are not serious and usually heal in 12 to 24 hours. However with longer flash of a couple of seconds, a permanent damage may occur from ultra violet light. Arc Blast is the explosive effect caused by the expansion of air and other vaporized materials that are overheated by the sudden presence of an electric arc. Arc blast can result from unintentional contact with electrical system. 4.FALLS Slips, trips and falls are one of the most common accidents at workplace even at home. It cab be that the electric shock is not as fatal but one can fall down and injured if working, standing at height on ladder or cranes. It can also lead to death at times. Prevention of Electrical Injuries. Maintain all electrical installations in good working order with proper grounding. Have al installation, operation, maintenance and repair work done only by a qualified person * and make use of PPE during installation. Regular inspections of electrical systems and make use of a checklist. Properly install ground equipment with proper labeling and coding of wires. Read all instructions, labels and installation manual before operating or servicing electrical equipment. Turn off equipments when not in use. Disconnect the power to the equipment that is left unattended or out of service. High voltage equipment should be discharged to ground through discharge rods after their switching off. Provide enough sockets for equipment in use. Avoid overloading sockets and using adaptors may cause fires. Ensure that equipment is fitted with a correctly rated fuse. Replace damage sections of cable completely and never repair cuts with insulating tape. Use proper connection to join lengths of cable. Do not wrap cables carrying electric current around any part of the body. Do not touch live electrical parts. Make sure that all connections are tight, clean and dry. *a Qualified Person is one who has the skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received sufficient training to recognize and avoid the hazards involved. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT HOME Electrical safety at home depends on 3 main factors: Safe Electrical Installation a correct earthing system to protect residents from an excess flow of electrical current. encourage residents to make use of the installation in a correct way. For example: if there is enough sockets in the house, individual will have no need to adapters. This eliminates the risk of fire. In short, installation should be designed in such a way that it is safe in itself regardless of how it is used. For instance: separate circuits should be included for higher power appliances. Safe design of electrical appliances devices The use of high quality sound electrical appliances together with electrical safety devices such as surge, residual current device and a proper grounding system eliminates the risk of electrical hazards at home. However, it cannot be denied that there are people who use old appliances which do not meet the standards or they have a tendency to buy appliances manufactured in countries with low safety standards. This may be because of cheap price and insufficient electrical knowledge. The Human Factor Habits of people such as not switching off electrical appliances when not in use, overloading sockets, use of extension cable more often and the use of electrical equipment (hair dryer, electrical razors) in the bathroom may lead to electrocution or fire. If people make an effort to change their bad habits, safety will be ensured at domestic level. Electrical safety at home cannot be thought of without the use and knowledge of certain safety devices. House hold circuits The circuits that are wired into a house by a qualified electrician all start with wires coming in from power lines outside that are connected to a fuse box. Fuse boxes contain safety devices called fused or circuit breakers which are designed to prevent an excess of electric current entering the house by allowing a certain maximum current to flow in. When electrical current flow is high, an electromagnet attracts a spring loaded switch which breaks the circuits and cuts the power supply. The switch must be reset before any current can flow again. Circuit breaker v/s Fuse Circuit breaker is similar to a switch. Domestic circuit beaker usually can withstand a current up to 13 16 Ampheres ( in most cases 13 A). How it works? If a circuit breaker of 13 A current rating is inserted, it will allow 13 A current to flow into the circuit. An automatic switch will open whenever there is a flow of above 13 A of current. This prevents appliances from getting damage. And it re-open again when the current flow is 13 A. Fuse is a piece of metal that has relatively lower melting point than copper wires. It is rated according to the amount of current that affect the fuse. For example: if it is a 13 A fuse, it will allow 13 A flow of current to flow through the fuse. How does it works? As soon as there a current flow of greater than 13A in the fuse, the fuse heats then melts and opens the circuit and current will not flow in the appliance. Circuit breaker and fuse prevent electrical fires and overheating that can be caused by an overload of electricity. However, circuit breaker can be used again and again but fuse need to be replaced. (Melted fused cannot be re-used). Circuit breaker and fuse only prevents appliances from getting damage but they do not protect individuals from getting electric shock. Devices that protects from electric shock are: Residual Current Device (RCD) It is a device that disconnects a circuit when it detects an disproportion of the electric current. It works on the principle that electricity flowing into a circuit must be equal to the current flowing out of a circuit. If the RCD detects an imbalance in electrical current, indicating a leakage to earth, it immediately cut the electricity to supply to prevent electrocution. RCD protection can save lives by protecting from fatal electric shock and can provide some protection against fires. It is usually used on outdoor electrical equipment. RCD should always be used when operating power tools outside or in damp conditions as it ensures that current is switched off automatically if there a fault or accident. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) It is sensitive enough to detect the even tiny amount of current present in faulty electrical system. It is slightly less sensitive than RCD. It shares the same function as RCD but because of its sensitiveness ELCB is less likely to cause false alarms. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) It is a fast acting circuit breaker that is sensitive to very low levels of current leakage 5m(A) to ground. When leakage becomes hazardous, it interrupts the circuit, turning it off. It is normally used for outside outlets. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) AFCLs are electrical devices designed to protect against fires caused by arcing faults in home electrical wiring. Arc fault protection will be required for any 15 to 20 ampheres branch circuit to bedrooms, family rooms, living rooms and so on. Arcing faults can occur in damaged or old cords, poorly installed outlets or switch with loose connections and furniture pushed against plugs. AFCIs use unique current sensing circuitry to discriminate between normal and unwanted arcing conditions. Once an unwanted arcing condition is detected, the control circuitry in the breaker will de-energize the circuit. Once a resident is aware of the types of safety devices used at home, he may choose which device needs to be installed at his place depending the conditions of his house and equipments used. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT MY OWN HOUSE An electrical survey with use of a checklist was carried out in my house by me to detect electrical hazards in my house. A checklist was designed. Checklist Date: 20/10/2012 Inspection Remarks YES NO Are the family members aware of the hazards and the risks associated with the use of electricity? Has the electrical installation undertaken by a qualified electrician? Has the electrician issued a certificate of compliance on completion of all electrical works? Is there any regular inspection or maintenance of the electric system? Switches, sockets ,lightings, plugs Do all the switch for lighting system work properly? Do all sockets have surfaces that cover all wiring? Is there overloaded sockets? Are all the switch cool to touch? Do the bulbs used at home correctly rated? Are the bulbs changed by member of the family? Does she/he crew the bulb tightly? Are the switch circuit breaker turned off before changing a bulb? Do the plugs fit the outlet correctly? Electrical appliances Equipments Are all equipment in good working conditions? Has any family member receive an electric shock while touching any electrical appliances? Are all appliances connected to separate socket? Is proper type of plug used for each outlet? Are all appliances unplugged when not in use? Is there any appliance plugged in area where it may come into contact with water? Are all equipments correctly fitted with a correct rated fuse? Extension cord cables Is there use of extension cord in the house? Are the extension cord used overloaded? Is the extension use for a temporary basis? Is there any cord lying on the floor? Is there any damaged cable in the house? Fuse box Circuit breakers Is the main fuse box accessible to children or other persons? Does everyone in the house know where the fuse box is located and how to shut the power of the entire house off? Is there any accessible bare wire near the fuse box? Is ELCB or any other security device provided in the electrical system of the house? Is the device tested regularly? Are different circuit breaker provided for each circuit? Are circuit breakers appropriate for the power required? Is grounding provided for the whole house? Lightning Do the family members aware of the electrical hazards during lightings? Do they make it a must to take necessary precautions during lightning? Are all sensitive equipment (computer, television) unplugged during lightning? Are surge protectors used on electronic device? Problems detected during the survey Extensions used are not for temporary basis and is overloaded. Extensions cables lying on the floor. There are no separate sockets available for each electrical appliance. No proper type of plug for each outlet. Hair dryer is loosely fitted in a multi-plug. Damaged iron cable Use of electrical equipments with wet hands bare feet and wet hair. Frequent use of knife (metal) to appliances fit the socket. One socket is pushed against furniture in the living room. 2 melted sockets are found. Unplugging of electrical equipments by pulling on the plug not the cord is noticed several times. Electrical devices are covered with cloth so as to prevent dust. Pictures of some of the electrical hazard were taken during the survey. Report of the survey What are the hazards identified can cause and their recommendations. 2 extensions are used in the house The use extensions comprises of several hazards in itself. Starting with the extension used in the bedroom. It is not in good condition as it is wrapped with tape and on top of that it is overloaded, it has mobile charger, fan and mosquito killer heater plugged into it. This can cause overheating of the extension as well as fire. The extension is placed on the floor besides the bed, any family member getting out of the bed may accidentally put his/her leg on the extension and get electrified. the cable lying on the floor can cause falls and injuries. Secondly, in the computer room. All the computer outlets (CPU, UPS, speakers, printer) and the internet live box are connected into the extension. Something fan and Mosquito killer heated are also connected. Though the extension is in good condition, it may overheat and cause fire since it overloaded. Moreover it is placed at the bottom of the computer table, thus any body using the computer may unintentionally touch the extension with his/her feet and receive shocks. It is to be noted that the extensions are not used on a temporary basis, they are used everyday. Thus, the risk of the electrical hazard is higher. What should be done? The everyday use of extension should be eliminated by providing separate sockets for each outlet. If the extensions are still used, the user should be sure that it is in good condition and it is not overloaded. It should be placed in a place where nobody can get into contact to it and its cable and the cable of the outlets should not be lying on the floor. There are no separate sockets for each appliance Television, MBC antenna and Canal Sat decoder are all plugged in the same socket by the use of a multi-plug. These appliances need a quiet high voltage of current and since the multi-plug is overloaded, this can cause the fuse in the multi-plug to heat, melt and then cause fire. What should be done? The best solution is to provide separate socket for each outlet. The multiple used should be in good condition and should be replaced with a new one more frequently. There is no proper type of plug for each outlet. The pins of the hair dryer do not fit into the socket available, hence a multi-plug is used. However the multi-plug used is not in a good condition and the pins of the hair dryer do not fit the multi-plug tightly. This loose connection may cause fire due to overheating and the person using it is at the risk of receiving electric shocks. What should be done? The pins of the hair dryer can be changed to pins which can fit the socket, thus no multi-plug will be required. If the multi-plug is used, it should be replaced with a new one. Damage cable of the iron The defective cable of the iron may cause fire and electrify the one using it. Filling the iron with water while the switch is still on causes electric shock to the user as water is a good conductor of electricity. Regular use of the iron with wet hair and bare feet. What should be done? The damaged cable of the iron should be replaced. The user should make it a must to turn off the switch before filling in water into the iron. Avoid using iron with dry hair and always wear sandal while using iron. Use of electrical equipment with bare hands. In the kitchen, it is found that in rush mother uses mixer with wet hands in the kitchen. This can lead to electrification. It is also noticed that a knife is frequently used to make the mixers and the radios plugs fit into the socket. This cause the person doing this unsafe act to receive electric shock. Moreover slight shocks are often received in fingers when using the iron, hair dryer and DVD which if of metal casing when barefoot or wet hair. What should be done? Make sure hands are dry while using electrical appliances. Do not use knife to make the plug fit in socket, use instead an insulator such as a piece of wood or plastic to do it. One socket is pushed against a furniture This hazard can cause fire and if this socket is used , it may cause the person using the socket to be electrified as he/she can hardly see where the appliances is being plugged. What should be done? The furniture can be moved away. The socket should be removed and placed somewhere else. 2 melted sockets are found. These melted sockets are useless. They simply need to be replaced to prevent fire and prevent anyone from receiving electric shock. Family members unplug the television, microwave, radio and other electrical appliances by pulling the cord not the plug. The cord may at any time come out of the plug and cause the person to be electrified. This unsafe act may also cause fire. The only preventive measure is that this particular unsafe should never be practiced. Electrical devices are covered with cloth so as to prevent dust. Electricity needs proper ventilation particularly with high voltage appliances such as television, computers, refrigerator, and microwave. Dust is generally stored at the back of the electrical appliances. This can result in overheating of the appliances as the fan available on the device cannot work efficiently. Moreover, we have a tendency to cover the appliances with cloth as means of cleanliness to prevent dust on the appliances. This is another hazard that causes overheating and may result in fire usually after long use of the appliances. What should be done? We should make sure that dust is not accumulated at the back of appliances. This can be done by regular cleaning. The appliances should not be covered when in use and after use when still hot. Further recommendations to ensure electrical safety in my house: Review of the electrical system by a qualified electrician to eliminate the risks and hazards detected in the survey. This time the qualified electrician should issue a certificate for the the electrical network installation. Testing of the ELCB device should be done. Key terms and concepts of electrical safety. Ground pin of the plug of an electrical device should never be removed so as to make it fit a 2-pin socket. Never force a 3-pin plug into a 2-pin socket. Good points which I noticed in my survey The main fuse box was found in the corner of the roof of the dining table. There used to have water linkage at that particular corner during heavy rain. 3 years ago the fuse box was shifted to a place on the same roof where there is no water linkage. Correctly rated bulbs (60 watt) are used. A surge protector is provided for the computer to prevent overheating is used. All the switches in the house are in good conditions. No bare electrical wires are found hanging on the roof or walls of the house. CONCLUSION Though electricity is a boon to mankind, it is also one of the natures most powerful and dangerous forces. If electricity enables us to live our lives with ease and comfort, it can take our life away as well. It cannot be denied that electricity is an integral and normal part of our everyday lives. Electrical safety at home becomes a very important aspect. Each and every electrical hazard should be eliminated or reduced as far as reasonably practicable as it takes only one mishap to cause a dangerous occurrence. An electrical safety system protects us from dangers of electricity. In our modern homes, people use several electrical appliances ranging from dishwasher to electrical razor. Everything works electrically with a simple click. It is very easy for people to forget the risks associated with their use. Use of the electrical appliances is not forbidden but provided that people take the and make an effort to stick on the principles of the devices. To stay safe from electrical hazards, good habits based on the knowledge and understanding of the safety measures should be developed. Proper precautionary measures and recommended safe practice should be adopted not only to keep ourselves safe but also people around safe from dangerous electrical occurrences.

Priotities of Gene Therapy Essay -- Genetics Science Medicine Papers

Priotities of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a relatively new area of medicine that attempts to apply recent advances in molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology to the treatment of human diseases. Gene therapy uses a set of approaches to the treatment of human disease based on the transfer of genetic material (DNA) into an individual. Gene delivery can be achieved either by direct administration of gene-containing viruses or DNA to blood or tissues, or indirectly through the introduction of cells manipulated in the laboratory to harbor foreign DNA. As a sophisticated extension of conventional medical therapy, gene therapy attempts to treat disease in an individual patient by the administration of DNA rather than a drug. (1) Genetic manipulations, such as replacing defective or missing genes with healthy ones, can be used to alter germ cells (egg or sperm) and somatic cells. Theoretically germ-line gene therapy appears to have more advantages since it aims at preventing a genetic defect from being transmitted to future generations. However, the prospects of germ-line gene therapy look more remote due to many unresolved ethical and social problems as well as technical obstacles. (2) What is presently understood as gene therapy is, mostly, somatic cell gene therapy. By altering the genetic material of somatic cells onetime cures of devastating, inherited disorders may be potentially achieved. But, "in principle, gene therapy should be applicable to many diseases for which current therapeutic approaches are ineffective or where the prospects of effective treatment appear exceedingly low." (1) However, gene therapy is still extremely new and highly experimental. The number of approved clinical trials is smal l, and relativ... ...scarbamylase deficiency. Hum Gene Ther 10(14):2419-37. 5. Lehrman, S. 1999. Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death. Nature 401(6753):517-8. 6. Federico M. 1999. Lentiviruses as gene delivery vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10(5):448-453. 7. Iwakuma, T, Y. Cui, L.J. Chang. 1999. Self-inactivating lentiviral vectors with U3 and U5 modifications. Virology 15;261(1):120-32. 8. Ropert, C. 1999. Liposomes as a gene delivery system. Braz J Med Biol Res;32(2):163-9. 9. Lanzov, V.A. 1999. Gene Targeting for Gene Therapy: Prospects. Mol Genet Metab 68(2):276-282. 10. Kren, B.T., R. Metz, R. Kumar, C.J. Steer .1999.Gene repair using chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides. Semin Liver Dis 19(1):93-104. 11. Zanjani, D., W. French Anderson.1999. Prospects for in Utero Human Gene Therapy. Science 285(5436) p.2084-8. 12. New York Times, August 4, 1998.

Political and Administrative Theories

John Stuart Mill in his book â€Å"On Liberty† argues that civil liberty is not something that is widely spread out much in human history. He acknowledges that despotism is the government’s legitimate mode in dealing with barbarians towards creating prospects in the future life of the people. He continues to say that once mankind is capable of being controlled by his own improvement through persuasion or conviction, it therefore implies the passive possession of mankind in the modalities of governance.The compulsive style of ruling is no longer a means of rule that may be accepted (John, 1863). Mill argues that an individual’s decision over his own mind and body implies personal sovereignty. It sounds sensible and convincing though there is no simplicity in the issue of liberty. Mill believes that, the only freedom that requires conviction is the one in which we are able to pursue our own good in a way that is of our own desire. This aspect will only be possible when we do not happen to impede or deprive the efforts of others in pursuing their own good.He constantly indicates that there is no deal that is of great to worry or say about liberty prior to the final hurdle that one gets. In many areas and aspects of humanity, liberty is spelt as having various difficulties (John, 1863). In his book, Mill talks about the liberty of discussion and thought. He believes that it is important that every person can give whatever they belief on regardless of how it crushes the majority. Consequently, every person’s voice should be given the opportunity of evaluation since it reflects the conceptions held by an individual.Thomas Huxley `Evolution and Ethics’. Thomas Huxley in his book of evolution and ethics uses the two approaches of serious misapplication and morally repugnant Darwinian Theory to the subject of ethics. He states that a society progresses best through those people who prove themselves ethically and fit physically. In his book, Huxley says that there is a war between the psyches of human within themselves. He further states that humans are alienated in the societies’ moral precepts and in cosmos. They are perceived as important in conflict with the existence of the natural conditions.Huxley however saw the dictates of morality as the key in human future for his success and happiness (Thomas, 1958). He however states that natural selection needs not to be deemed as a mixture of blessing, but as a mixture that is damnable. Additionally, natural selection is not a natural evil. He gives the examples of floods, hurricanes and earthquakes killing people as natural evils. These are evils that are unequivocal, but distinct from a point that is capable of leading us into a condemnatory and a retributive mind frame. Elsewhere, he states that natural selection is neither culpably nor intentionally evil.It is only people’s ways and action that are evil. The natural selection evils are quite sinist er than those which are derived from competition in death or life for necessities that are scarce (Thomas, 1958). It is the perversity that is heightened of evil due to the good of natural selection as found in one organism when compared to the evil of another organism evil. He continues to say that the good of one organism in one respect is its own evil in the respect of another organism. Consequently, anything that has good also posses evil. Reference John Stuart Mill (1863) On Liberty. London, Longmans, Green Reader and Dyer Thomas Haxley (1958) Evolution and Ethics. London, Routledge